4,139 participants from all Spanish regions completed the provided questionnaires. Participants completing at least two surveys were the sole subjects of the longitudinal analysis, encompassing 1423 individuals. The Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS-21) was used to determine levels of depression, anxiety, and stress as part of the mental health assessments, with the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R) subsequently assessing post-traumatic symptoms.
A substantial worsening in all mental health variables occurred by T2. Compared to the initial assessment, depression, stress, and post-traumatic symptoms did not show any recovery at T3, whereas anxiety levels remained largely unchanged over the entire period. Psychological well-being during the six-month period was negatively impacted by factors including a history of mental health conditions, a younger age, and exposure to individuals with COVID-19. A positive outlook on one's physical state may serve as a preventative element.
Even after six months of the pandemic, the mental health of the general populace, according to the majority of factors examined, was in a significantly worse state than when the outbreak initially began. All rights to the PsycInfo Database Record for 2023 are reserved by APA.
Six months after the pandemic's inception, the general population's mental health remained more compromised than it was during the initial stages of the outbreak, as assessed through most of the analyzed metrics. Copyright 2023 American Psychological Association; all rights are reserved for this PsycINFO database record.
How do we develop a model integrating choice, confidence, and response times? This paper proposes the dynamic weighted evidence and visibility (dynWEV) model, a refinement of the drift-diffusion model, to simultaneously account for decision choices, reaction times, and associated confidence levels. In a binary perceptual task, a Wiener process describes the decision process, accruing sensory evidence about the available choices, which are ultimately delimited by two constant thresholds. this website To account for the confidence associated with judgments, we postulate a phase subsequent to the decision where sensory information and evaluations of the current stimulus's reliability are integrated concurrently. Across two experiments, a motion discrimination task utilizing random dot kinematograms and a post-masked orientation discrimination task, we investigated the model fits. Scrutinizing the dynWEV model, two-stage dynamical signal detection theory, and multiple versions of race models for decision-making, only the dynWEV model exhibited satisfactory fits for choice, confidence, and reaction time metrics. The observed outcome indicates that confidence evaluations are predicated not solely on the evidence of the chosen option, but also on a concurrent assessment of the stimulus's discriminability and the subsequent buildup of supporting evidence post-decision. The PsycINFO database record, copyright 2023, is owned by the American Psychological Association.
Episodic memory models hypothesize that a probe's similarity to the whole of previously studied items influences its acceptance or rejection during a recognition task. Mewhort and Johns (2000)'s investigation into global similarity predictions involved a manipulation of the feature compositions of probes. Novelty rejection proved enhanced when probes contained novel features, regardless of strong matches from other features; this benefit, the extralist feature effect, directly challenged the efficacy of global matching models. Employing continuous-valued stimuli of separable and integral dimensions, we carried out similar experiments in this investigation. Extralist lure analogs were designed to highlight a single stimulus dimension with a more novel value, contrasting with other dimensions and a separate grouping based on overall similarity. Extra-list lure features, facilitating novelty rejection, were only noticeable with separable-dimension stimuli. A global matching model, while effectively representing integral-dimensional stimuli, was unable to incorporate the extralist feature effects presented by separable-dimensional stimuli. Employing global matching models, including variations of the exemplar-based linear ballistic accumulator, we leveraged distinct novelty rejection strategies enabled by separable-dimension stimuli. These strategies included decisions based on the aggregate similarity of individual dimensions and the selective application of attention to novel probe values (a diagnostic attention model). These variant forms, despite producing the extra-list effect, were uniquely and completely explained by the diagnostic attention model encompassing the full range of the data. An experiment using discrete features akin to those of Mewhort and Johns (2000) further illustrated the model's ability to account for extralist feature effects. this website In 2023, the APA maintains all rights to the PsycINFO database record.
The validity of inhibitory control task results, and the existence of an overarching inhibitory construct, have been challenged. This initial study employs a trait-state decomposition method to rigorously assess the reliability of inhibitory control and investigate its hierarchical organization. On three distinct days, 150 participants executed the antisaccade, Eriksen flanker, go/nogo, Simon, stop-signal, and Stroop tasks. By leveraging latent state-trait and latent growth-curve models, reliability was estimated and separated into the variance portion explained by trait characteristics and their developmental patterns (consistency) and the variance derived from circumstantial factors and the interplay between individuals and situations (occasion-specificity). Across all tasks, the mean reaction times exhibited excellent reliability coefficients, showing values between .89 and .99. Importantly, 82% of the variance was, on average, explained by consistency, leaving specificity with a relatively low impact. this website While primary inhibitory variables exhibited lower reliability coefficients ranging from .51 to .85, the majority of the variance observed was still attributable to traits. Significant shifts in traits were noted for a majority of variables, culminating in their strongest impact when scrutinizing data from the initial measurement against subsequent ones. Subsequently, a substantial increase in performance was particularly noticeable in some variables among the initially less successful subjects. The analysis of inhibition, considered as a trait, demonstrated a low measure of shared similarity between tasks. While stable personality traits appear to heavily influence the performance metrics of inhibitory control tasks, the existence of a fundamental, common inhibitory control construct at the trait level remains weakly supported. The 2023 PsycINFO database record is subject to all rights reserved by the APA.
Supporting the richness of human thought, intuitive theories function as mental frameworks, reflecting our perception of the structure of the world. Dangerous misconceptions can be embedded and amplified by intuitive theories. This paper investigates the harmful misconceptions surrounding vaccine safety, a key factor in the decline of vaccination. The widespread misunderstandings, a public health hazard existing before the coronavirus outbreak, have grown significantly more perilous in recent times. We argue that challenging these misconceptions necessitates an appreciation for the surrounding conceptual structures in which they are embedded. Through five extensive survey studies (with a total of 3196 participants), we explored the structure and revisions of people's innate understandings of vaccination. Based on the information presented in these data, we offer a cognitive model explaining the intuitive reasoning process surrounding decisions about vaccinating young children against illnesses including measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR). Through the application of this model, we were able to forecast, with precision, modifications in people's convictions in relation to educational interventions, design a compelling new strategy for encouraging vaccination, and comprehend the effect of real-world situations (the 2019 measles outbreaks) on these beliefs. In addition to offering a hopeful direction for promoting MMR vaccination, this strategy has clear consequences for fostering acceptance of COVID-19 vaccines, particularly amongst the parents of young children. This endeavor, simultaneously, furnishes the foundation for more insightful analyses of intuitive theories and broader approaches to belief revision. For the PsycINFO database record, published in 2023 by the American Psychological Association, all rights are reserved.
Global object shape derivation is achievable by the visual system from local contour features exhibiting considerable variation. We contend that local and global shape perception rely on distinct, specialized processing apparatuses. These independent systems process information in distinct ways. Precisely representing low-frequency contour variation is the function of global shape encoding, while the local system only encodes summary statistics, depicting the standard characteristics of high-frequency elements. Experiments 1 through 4 investigated this hypothesis by procuring similar or dissimilar evaluations of shapes distinguished by alterations in their local characteristics, global configurations, or both. We found a limited responsiveness to changes in local properties sharing common summary statistics, and no improvement in sensitivity for shapes contrasting in both local and global features as compared to those diverging solely in global properties. This observed difference in sensitivity persisted when physical contour irregularities were rendered similar and when shape details were enlarged and exposure times extended. In Experiment 5, we evaluated the sensitivity of detection for sets of local contour features, specifically comparing performance when the statistical properties of the sets were identical or dissimilar. The sensitivity metric was stronger for statistical properties that were not in alignment with the others, compared to those originating from a common statistical distribution.