A substantial number of documents were published in the last two decades, with China leading the way; Islamic Azad University was the most prolific institution; and Jayakumar, R., the most influential author. Keyword analysis indicates that antibacterial, chitosan (CS), scaffold, hydrogel, silver nanoparticle, and growth factors (GFs) are currently experiencing high interest. We envision our work providing a comprehensive look at the existing research in this area, helping scholars identify key research areas and cutting-edge frontiers, thereby motivating additional research endeavors.
For the past ten years, there has been significant expansion in the application of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) treatments. MSCs' regenerative, reparatory, and immunomodulatory properties have led to extensive research into their use as therapeutic agents for treating chronic eye diseases via cell-based therapies. The clinical utility of MSC-based therapy is limited by its suboptimal biocompatibility, inadequate penetration of the target tissues, and poor delivery to the desired ocular regions. A growing body of research has determined the impact of exosomes on mesenchymal stem cells' (MSCs) biological functions. These studies have further revealed that MSC-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) showcase comparable anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, tissue-repairing, neuroprotective, and immunomodulatory characteristics to MSCs. Recent developments in exosomes originating from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) promise to address the hurdles faced in mesenchymal stem cell-based treatments. Exosomes derived from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), due to their nanoscale dimensions, swiftly traverse biological barriers, reaching immune-privileged organs. This facilitates the effective delivery of therapeutic factors, including trophic and immunomodulatory agents, to ocular tissues, which are often inaccessible via conventional therapies or MSC transplantation. Correspondingly, the application of EVs reduces the risks related to mesenchymal stem cell transplantation methods. By examining studies published between 2017 and 2022, this literature review explores the characteristics of extracellular vesicles (EVs) originating from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and their biological functions in addressing ocular diseases of the anterior and posterior segments. Besides that, we investigate the potential use of electric vehicles in clinical applications. Regenerative medicine's swift progress, coupled with exosome-based drug delivery systems and a deeper comprehension of ocular pathology and pharmacology, offers promising avenues for treating ocular ailments. These ocular conditions face revolutionary change, thanks to the exciting potential of exosome-based therapies in treatment approaches.
To evaluate the efficacy and tolerance of ultrasound and microbubble (USMB)-enhanced chemotherapy in head and neck cancer, a veterinary trial was executed on feline companion animals with oral squamous cell carcinomas. Three cycles of bleomycin and USMB therapy were applied to six cats, using a clinical ultrasound system with its Pulse Wave Doppler mode and EMA/FDA-approved microbubbles. The study assessed participants concerning adverse events, quality of life, tumor response and survival as key factors. Subsequently, the tumor's perfusion was measured both before and after USMB treatment, using contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS). USMB treatments were successfully executed and were generally well-accepted by patients. A study applying optimized US settings to 5 cats found 3 with initial stable disease, but this stability was lost with disease progression 5 or 11 weeks after the initial treatment. A week post-treatment, the cat demonstrated a progressive disease state, but subsequently exhibited stable health. In the long run, except for one cat, every feline displayed progressively worsening disease, although every affected animal lived longer than the standard median survival time of 44 days, as referenced in publications. Immediately preceding and following USMB therapy, CEUS examinations indicated an augmented tumor perfusion, evidenced by a median area under the curve (AUC) rise in six of the twelve treatment sessions assessed. In a feline companion animal model, this small hypothesis-generating study indicated that the combination of USMB and chemotherapy was feasible and well-tolerated, with potential for increasing drug delivery by improving tumor perfusion. The prospect of translating USMB therapy into human clinical use, specifically for those needing localized treatment, is noteworthy.
In line with the International Association for the Study of Pain's classification, chronic pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience tied to actual or prospective tissue damage. In the current state, pain manifests in several ways, specifically as nociceptive, neuropathic, and nociplastic pain. In this review, using established guidelines, we analyzed the characteristics and effects of pain medications, type-by-type, examining their influence on individuals with co-existing conditions to decrease the development of severe adverse reactions.
A significant enhancement of dissolution and oral bioavailability can be accomplished by utilizing solid dispersions for poorly soluble active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). To ensure the profitable launch of a successful solid dispersion formulation, a thorough comprehension of the intermolecular relationships between the active pharmaceutical ingredient and its polymeric carrier is critical. Our initial approach involved molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to analyze the molecular interactions of various delayed-release APIs with polymeric excipients. Then, we produced API solid dispersions via a hot-melt extrusion (HME) technique. To gauge the potential efficacy of API-polymer pairings, three measurements were used: (a) the energy of interaction between API and polymer (electrostatic (Ecoul), Lennard-Jones (ELJ), and total (Etotal)), (b) the energy ratio (API-polymer/API-API), and (c) the presence of hydrogen bonding between the API and polymer. For the best-performing combinations of NPX-Eudragit L100, NaDLO-HPMC(P), DMF-HPMC(AS), and OPZ-HPMC(AS), the corresponding Etotal values are -14338, -34804, -11042, and -26943 kJ/mol, respectively. In a high-melt-extrusion (HME) experimental setting, a limited number of API-polymer pairings were effectively extruded. In a simulated gastric fluid (SGF) environment with a pH of 12, the extruded solid forms did not release any APIs, but they did release them in a simulated intestinal fluid (SIF) with a pH of 68. The investigation into the interplay between APIs and excipients concludes with the proposal of a potential polymeric excipient for each delayed-release API, a crucial step towards developing solid dispersions for enhancing the dissolution and bioavailability of poorly soluble APIs.
The second-line antileishmanial drug pentamidine is administered either intramuscularly or, more commonly, intravenously, but its application is restricted by severe side effects like diabetes, extreme blood sugar lows, heart muscle inflammation, and kidney damage. Our study examined whether phospholipid vesicles could augment patient compliance and therapeutic success in treating leishmaniasis via an aerosol approach. The targeting of macrophages by pentamidine-loaded liposomes, augmented by coatings of chondroitin sulfate or heparin, increased approximately twofold, reaching a level of roughly 90% higher than that of the non-coated control. Liposomal encapsulation of pentamidine resulted in a significant improvement in its anti-leishmanial activity against both amastigote and promastigote forms of Leishmania infantum and Leishmania pifanoi. The toxicity to human umbilical vein endothelial cells was markedly reduced, with an IC50 of 1442 ± 127 µM for the liposomal formulation and 593 ± 49 µM for free pentamidine. Using the Next Generation Impactor, which simulates human airways, the deposition of nebulized liposome dispersions was measured. Approximately 53% of the initial pentamidine solution's quantity made its way to the deeper impactor stages, showing a median aerodynamic diameter of around 28 micrometers, which implies a partial deposit in the lung alveoli. Introducing pentamidine into phospholipid vesicles substantially boosted its deposition in deeper lung segments, rising to about 68%. Furthermore, a decrease in median aerodynamic diameter to a range of 14 to 18 µm occurred, implying better targeting of deeper lung airways. Liposomal encapsulation of pentamidine, followed by nebulization, fostered a user-friendly self-administration route that demonstrably increased the drug's bioavailability, thereby promising advancements in the treatment of leishmaniasis and related infections.
In tropical and subtropical areas, malaria, an infectious and parasitic disease, is caused by protozoa from the Plasmodium genus, affecting millions. Observing a trend of drug resistance in Plasmodium, researchers are actively searching for potent new substances capable of combating the parasite. Consequently, we investigated the in vitro antiplasmodial activity and cytotoxicity of serial dilutions of the hydroalcoholic extract from Juca (Libidibia ferrea). Using a freeze-dried hydroalcoholic extract, Juca was processed. Bovine Serum Albumin in vivo The cytotoxicity assay was performed on the WI-26VA4 human cell line by utilizing the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) technique. For an analysis of antiplasmodial effects, synchronized Plasmodium falciparum cultures were treated with a series of Juca extract concentrations, spanning from 0.2 to 50 g/mL. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of the Juca extract revealed ellagic acid, valoneic acid dilactone, gallotannin, and gallic acid as the primary chemical components. immediate effect Juca hydroalcoholic extract, when assessed using the MTT assay, exhibited no cytotoxic activity, having an IC50 greater than 100 g/mL. Genomic and biochemical potential In terms of antiplasmodial activity, the Juca extract achieved an IC50 of 1110 g/mL, showing a selectivity index of nine. Due to its potent antiplasmodial properties at the examined concentrations, and its low toxicity profile, Juca extract emerges as a potential herbal remedy for malaria.